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From: "william c. rinehuls" <rinehuls@access.digex.net>
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Subject: Document SC22 N2155
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ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC22
Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces
Secretariat:  U.S.A. (ANSI)

ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC22

N2155


June 1996



TITLE:           JTC 1 Re-engineering


SOURCE:          Secretariat, ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC22


WORK ITEM:       N/A


STATUS:          N/A


CROSS REFERENCE: N/A


DOCUMENT TYPE:   N/A


ACTION:          To SC22 Member Bodies, Working Group Conveners for action
                 or information, as applicable.
                
                 SC22 Member Bodies and Working Group Conveners with
                 comments specifically related to the work of SC22 are
                 encouraged to submit these comments to Mr. Robert
                 Follett, SC22 Chairman, NOT LATER THAN MAY 30, 1996
                 for forwarding.  SC22 Member Body comments not speci-
                 fically related to the work of SC22 should be 
                 submitted through their respective National Body.

(NOTE:           This invitation to submit comments specifically related
                 to the work of SC22 can only be extended to those
                 participants who receive this document via email.  The
                 paper distribution will not be available for SC22 re-
                 view until after the JTC 1 closing date for comments.)



Address reply to:
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC22 Secretariat
William C. Rinehuls
8457 Rushing Creek Court
Springfield, VA 22153 USA
Tel:  +1 (703) 912-9680
Fax:  +1 (703) 912-2973
email:  rinehuls@access.digex.net

_____________________________________________________________________________

From: LISA RAJCHEL <LRAJCHEL@ansi.org

Subject: German/Italian Homework Assignment for Reengineering


Hi Everyone,

Attached please find document JTC 1 N 4104, German/Italian Contribution on 
JTC 1 Reengineering addressing Opportunities and Threats.  National Body and 
SC contributions are requested on this document by 7 June 1996.  PLEASE 
SUBMIT YOUR COMMENTS VIA EMAIL OR DISK SO THAT THEY MAY BE DISTRIBUTED VIA 
EMAIL.

[[ J1N4104.DOC : 3874 in J1N4104.DOC ]][[ J1N4104.RTF : 3875 in J1N4104.RTF 
]][[ J1N4104.TXT : 3876 in J1N4104.TXT ]]


Note:  I am still awaiting the contribution from the Netherlands addrressing 
the JTC 1 Marketing Plan.  I hope to receive it soon.
____________________________________________________________________________  
____________________
ISO/IEC JTC 1 N 4104

DIN contribution to JTC 1:

Project: JTC 1 Re-engineering


OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS


This document is the German contribution to the JTC 1 re-engineering 
activity and a response to resolution 8 of the JTC 1 Sydney Plenary meeting.
 - Introduction

The world of IT standardization is changing:

? New technology is evolving at a speed never seen before. And as a 
consequence, products in the market change at the same speed.
? Customers demand open systems, which means that interoperability and 
portability become the dominant requirements.
? In order that interoperability and portability become a reality, consensus 
is required among those providing products/systems.

This consensus can be established in various ways:

? public consensus, established through a public enquiry process;
? consensus among those participating, with open access to the process (such 
as workshops);
? consensus among those participating, with limited access to the process 
(such as consortia).

Table 1 below gives an analysis of the charahcteristics and the strengths 
and weaknesses of each of the consensus building ways.

Table 1: Characteristics of consensus building mechanisms
Item Standards Bodies (SB)    Workshops (W)  Consortia (C)
1. Product/deliverable   Standard  Specification  Specification
2. Participation              
2.1 Openness   Open to the public  Open to all interested parties, 
potentially subject to a participation fee   Open to members; membership 
rules may widely vary
2.2 Composition     Inhomogeneous  Relatively homogeneous   Homogenous
3. Motivation            
3.1 Motivation of contributing organizations To maintain and develop a 
consistent, publicly approved standards work To develop a particular (set 
of) specification(s) with the widest reasonable  degree of consensus  To 
develop a particular (set of) specification(s) to serve a market need and to 
assure interoperability
3.2 Motivation of group members    To contribute to standardization   To 
develop a specification to serve an identified urgent market need     To 
develop a specification to serve an identified urgent market need
3. Management  Little, as resources are not committed. Moderate project 
management.    Strict project management
4. Intellectual property rights    General policy:either standards are free 
of third rights, or adequate declaration of right holder is 
available.     ?    Rights granted by agreement among members; rights to 
third parties subject to individual negotiation.
5. Application ofproduct Voluntary, no direct relation between participation 
and application     Voluntary, no direct relation between participation and 
application    Direct relation between need for the specification, 
participation, and application
Speed/efficiency    low  medium    high
Degree of consensus public    participants   members

To each of these mechanisms, a different level of recognition and trust is 
associated.

The JTC 1 efficiency is basically determined by two factors:
1. internal: the proper management of the JTC 1 process, taking due account 
of 2.
2. external: establishing public consensus requires a significant amount of 
time which cannot be eliminated;

(International) standardization, in general, and JTC 1, in particular, are 
associated with  public consensus . But as recent experience shows, users of 
specifications are becoming increasingly critical as to what level of 
consensus is really needed for a specification solving a given technical 
problem. Therefore, JTC 1 in its re-engineering activity has to investigate 
this situation and to (re-)position itself properly in the consensus 
building  business .

1. above is fully under control of JTC 1 and its internal management. Other 
contributions to the re-engineering process will study this aspect.

As 2. is related with the essential characteristic of (international) 
standardization vis-a-vis other ways of establishing consensus, there is 
only little room for JTC 1 to improve its efficiency without sacrificing the 
basic principle of public consensus. Instead, it is of great importance for 
the recognition of JTC 1 by the parties concerned that JTC 1 properly 
advertises the benefits it offers to these parties.

Therefore, the following chapter attempts to analyse the specific benefits 
JTC 1 offers to various parties:
OPPORTUNITIES

JTC 1 has the essential and most encompassing opportunity of becoming the 
"hub" of the standardization in the field of IT. This is achieveable through 
the benefits which JTC 1 can offer to the following interested parties:

? end users of IT products and services;
? end users of IT standards;
? users of IT standards;
? PAS holders;
? intellectual property holders;
? IT Regulatory Authorities
End users of IT products and services
These are the customers of the IT product and services market. They are the 
ultimate judges of the products and services acceptance and success.
Benefits JTC 1 can offer to end users of IT products and services
Based on the investigations into the requirements of the various users 
categories, JTC 1 has the potential to assure that the functionalities the 
customers require are envisaged and taken into account in the standards it 
produces and the concepts on which those functionalities are based are the 
simplest and yet the most effective. Furthermore, the number of options the 
standards offer are kept to a minimum while their invocation is effected by 
a most natural method. Again each of the above requisites are consistently 
relevant to each of the customers categories.

JTC 1 offers in its standards technical solutions which have received 
thorough international scrutiny and recognition. JTC 1 standards represent 
relativly stable solutions. All together this offers a purchaser/procurer 
reasonable protection of his investment.
End users of IT standards
These are the people/organizations who implement the standards into the real 
life products to be introduced into the real life market. They are the 
ultimate judges of the specificatory quality of any standard and also (and 
most importantly) of the acceptance and succes of standards.
Benefits JTC 1 can offer to end users of IT standards
JTC 1 has a consolidated tradition in following strict rules for the 
assurance of:

? unambiguous description of functionalities;
? functional consistency among the various parts of a standard;
? description of the criteria relevant to the conformance;
? self consistency of the texts of its standards;
? proper treatment of IPR issues.

The end users of standards do normally much appreciate all the above. In 
fact, it results in qicker understanding of the standard, quicker 
implementation, minimum waste of time and manpower, and minimum surprise as 
regards third party intellectual property rights.
Users of IT standards
These are the standardizers who use the base-standards as raw material for 
building suites of standards, i.e. Functional Standards. They may be 
insiders of JTC 1 as well as outsiders. On the other hands, the 
base-standards may be JTC 1 standards as well as other's standards. The 
users of standards are the ultimate judges of the suitability of a base 
standard into a suite. They are also supposed to be the most competent 
personnel for combining different base-standards.
Benefits JTC 1 can offer to users of IT standards
When the users of standards are insiders to JTC 1:
If the base standards are all JTC 1 standards, then JTC 1 will offer the 
benefits as of 2.2.1 above, as well as the consistency of the suites, by 
definition. Furthermore, if the base standards are a mixture of JTC 1 and 
non-JTC 1 standards, or they are all non-JTC 1 standards, then JTC 1 will 
make sure that the resulting suite has the same consistency and accuracy as 
the all- JTC 1 standards suites.

When the users of standards are outsiders to JTC 1, JTC 1 will offer itself 
as the one who provides:

? all the benefits as of 2.2.1 above;
? all the consultancy and cooperation, plus its own endorsement relevant to 
the consistency of the standards suite.
PAS holders
These are the bodies or groups that develop technical specifications of 
success or de facto standards. They are the most market-driven specification 
providers.
Benefits JTC 1 can offer to PAS holders
JTC 1 adopted rules and procedures for the tranposition of PASs into 
international standards and for embedding of PASs into such standards. This 
offers a major achievement: to add to the consistency and completeness of a 
typical JTC 1 product the sense of the market of the PAS holders. An open 
and trustful cooperation between JTC 1 and PAS holders will ultimately lead 
to a cross-fertilization exercise between the two parties, where each will 
contribute the best of its cultural asset to the other.

By JTC 1 making use of a PAS in its own standards portfolio, this PAS 
receives worldwide recognition which may lead to broader market acceptance 
of related products.
Intellectual property holders
These are, in general, the entities which hold an assett, legally 
recognized, deriving from their ingenuity and intellectual work. In the 
context considered here, two categories of IPR holders have to be 
distinguished:
? Where such assets are the conceptual base of standards;
? where such assets are the content (audio, video, software, etc) exchanged 
electronically using mechanisms standardized by JTC 1.
Benefits JTC 1 can offer to IPR holders
JTC 1, as an ISO/IEC entity, has a long and consolidated tradition and 
practice in the handling of patents and IPR-related assets. This is the best 
assurance for the recognition of any holder party's rights.

JTC 1 has the technical capability, potentially in cooperation with others, 
to provide technical solutions for the protection of IPR in works exchanged 
electronically.
IT Regulatory Authorities
These are the rule-setters. They traditionally developed the regulations for 
the telecommunications services and facilities issues. With the incumbence 
of the GII their role is becoming more and more encompassing, to include the 
legal and even moral aspects which have implications in the technical 
standardisation.
Benefits JTC1 can offer to IT Regulatory Authorities
JTC 1 is promoting debates and public events in the GII domain. In addition, 
it has a major acquaintance with the aspects relevant to the rights of 
various subjects, as well as the transborder-related issues. Therefore, 
basing regulation on JTC 1 standards gives assurance to the Regulatory 
Authorities that such issues have been properly handled, making JTC 1 a most 
qualified counterpart to Regulators. And finally, using, where applicable, 
JTC 1 standards in regulation contributes to the worldwide implementation of 
the WTO ATBT.

THREATS

It goes without saying that JTC 1 needs to adequately advertise the 
benefits, the added values and the uniques it can offer to the IT world. 
This would even be a further exposure if JTC 1, by not concentrating enough 
effort and intelligence into this major endevour, missed its target.

Among the areas seen as most critical to the success of JTC 1 in becoming 
the "hub", the following can be mentioned:
OBJECTIVES
The benefits that JTC 1 can offer to the end users of IT products and 
standards demand that basic success factors be assigned as primary 
objectives to each and every SC, as well as to JTC 1 as a whole:
? collection and prioritization of the market (users) requirements, 
resulting in Business Plans to support Work Programmes and justify NPs;
? interoperability between systems;
? evaluation of (draft) standards as to whether they meet the initial 
requirements.
All the above can be achieved if users take active part in the strategy 
setting and in the evaluation of the standards.
PACE
It is most crucial that JTC 1 holds its level of quality in developing 
standards while, at the same time, keeping pace with the market and the most 
market-driven actors and issues. This implies that JTC 1 accelerates its 
cycle of standards development.

This can only be achieved if JTC 1 developes a thorough policy of cutting 
each and every "dead wood" and concentrates on carefully selected, key (to 
the market) standards.
MAINTENANCE
The benefits mentioned above are all affordable by JTC 1 in terms of 
know-how, but a careful planning is required to devote adequate resources to 
the maintenance of the standards it produces/combines. In fact, the 
standards produced are to be assuredd as holding their quality level and 
their updating for the duration of their life. This, once again, imposes a 
careful selection of standards on which to work.
FLEXIBILITY
JTC 1 needs to implement a real break-through in terms of flexibility. Very 
often, also the timeliness becomes a matter of flexibility.

In particular, JTC 1 needs to improve the synchronization of its own 
procedures with those of the other actors of the IT arena. The most 
important synchronization exercise
should be carried out with the ITU-T. In this connection, it is important 
also to stress the achievement of a full complementarity of tasks. One of 
the most important examples being the document on the GII which IUT-T 
proposed to the Sydney JTC 1 Plenary in March '96, i.e. JTC 1 N. 4037, 
"report of first meeting of the joint rapporteur group on Global Information 
Infrastructures (JRG GII)", from the Chairman of Study Group 13. There are 
many "holes" in that document that ITU-T left for JTC 1 to fill.
PROGRAMMING
An analysis of successful IT solutions in the market shows that it is often 
better to quickly provide 80% solutions rather than provide 100% solutions 
when the market is already gone. In standardization, OSI and ODA are two 
negative examples among probably many others, where the desire to provide 
perfect solutions ultimately led to missing the window of opportunity. In 
other words: reducing the width of the programme and focussing on important 
and most relevant features in standardization is an exercise which needs to 
be applied in JTC 1 with all rigour.

Furthermore, the depth of the programme should be determined by the 
consideration  What is absolutely necessary to assure interoperability and 
portability?  rather than  What is technically feasable and desireable? . A 
too detailled programme may unnecessarily specify areas where market 
competition among different technical solutions is not harmful to the users, 
and, instead, will negatively impact technological progress.

It is recognized that programming in JTC 1 is determined by its members 
needs and, hence, a more focussed programming may lead to conflicts with the 
objective to establish consensus. The threat, however, is real that by 
establishing a programme which is too wide and to deep, JTC 1 will 
ultimately miss its objectives.

CONCLUSION

The times where standardization was the only route to establish an 
internationally recognized specification are largely gone in the IT domain, 
and JTC 1 finds itself today often in competition with other organizations 
which, at a first glance, may serve the IT community better. However, at a 
closer look, in many cases other specifications bring significant drawbacks 
to the users. Therefore, the approach for JTC 1 should be:
? Cooperate in a fair and open way with other specifications providers: The 
PAS and Referencing  processes  provide a good starting point from which 
trust can be build among JTC 1 and other groupings.
? Advertise its benefits to the IT world, but do it in a convincing way 
which requires that the threats identified above are addressed in a proper 
and timely fashion.

The opportunities for JTC 1 are exceptionally appealing, even though the 
requirements for achieving them are real challenges. Threats have to be seen 
as challenges and JTC 1 has no other choice but accepting the challenges. 
But it is encouraging to recognize that it owns all the cultural, 
historical, personnel and intellectual assets to be successful.


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{\operator Lisa A. Rajchel}{\creatim\yr1996\mo5\dy15\hr14\min50}{\revtim\yr1996\mo5\dy15\hr14\min50}{\version2}{\edmins1}{\nofpages7}{\nofwords2287}{\nofchars13036}{\vern49213}}\paperw11906\paperh16838 
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\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \f9\fs22\lang1031 {\b ISO/IEC JTC 1 N 4104
\par 
\par DIN contribution to JTC 1:
\par }\pard {\b 
\par Project: JTC 1 Re-engineering
\par }\pard \qc {\b 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc {\b\fs28 OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard This document is the German contribution to the JTC 1 re-engineering activity and a response to resolution 8 of the JTC 1 Sydney Plenary meeting.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\f9\lang1031\kerning28 1\tab}\pard\plain \s1\sb240\sa60\keepn{\*\pn \pnlvl1\pndec\pnprev1\pnstart1\pnsp144 }\b\f9\lang1031\kerning28 - Introduction
\par \pard\plain \f9\fs22\lang1031 
\par \pard The world of IT standardization is changing:
\par 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f1\fs22\lang1031 \'b7\tab}\pard \fi-283\li283{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\pnf1\pnstart1\pnindent283\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}
New technology is evolving at a speed never seen before. And as a consequence, products in the market change at the same speed.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f1\fs22\lang1031 \'b7\tab}Customers demand open systems, which means that interoperability and portability become the dominant requirements.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f1\fs22\lang1031 \'b7\tab}In order that interoperability and portability become a reality, {\ul consensus} is required among those providing products/systems.
\par \pard 
\par \pard This consensus can be established in various ways:
\par 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f1\fs22\lang1031 \'b7\tab}\pard \fi-283\li283{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\pnf1\pnstart1\pnindent283\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}public consensus, established through a public enquiry process;
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f1\fs22\lang1031 \'b7\tab}\pard \fi-283\li283{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\pnf1\pnstart1\pnindent283\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}consensus among those participating, with open access to the process (such as work\-shops);
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f1\fs22\lang1031 \'b7\tab}consensus among those participating, with limited access to the process (such as con\-sortia).
\par {\pntext\tab}\pard \fi-283\li283{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\pnf1\pnstart1\pnindent283\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}
\par \pard Table 1 below gives an analysis of the charahcteristics and the strengths and weaknesses of each of the consensus building ways.
\par \pard 
\par \pard\plain \s19\sb120\sa120\keepn \b\f9\fs22\lang1031 Table {\field{\*\fldinst  SEQ Tabelle \\* ARABIC }{\fldrslt 1}}: Characteristics of consensus building mechanisms
\par \trowd \trgaph108\trhdr\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \cellx1893\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \cellx3969\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \cellx6379\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 
\cellx8931 \pard\plain \s18\qc\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 \f5\fs20 {\b Item\cell }\pard \s18\qc\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 {\b Standards Bodies 
\par (SB)\cell }\pard \s18\qc\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 {\b Workshops (W)\cell }\pard \s18\qc\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 {\b Consortia (C)\cell }\pard\plain \intbl \f9\fs22\lang1031 {
\b \row }\trowd \trgaph108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \cellx1893\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \cellx3969\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \cellx6379\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \cellx8931 \pard\plain \s18\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 \f5\fs20 {\b 1. Product/
\par }\pard \s18\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 {\b deliverable\cell }\pard \s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 Standard\cell \pard 
\s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 Specification\cell \pard \s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 Specification\cell \pard\plain \intbl \f9\fs22\lang1031 \row \trowd \trgaph108
\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \cellx1893\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \cellx3969\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \cellx6379\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \cellx8931 \pard\plain 
\s18\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 \f5\fs20 {\b 2. Participation\cell }\pard \s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 \cell \pard 
\s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 \cell \pard \s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 \cell \pard\plain \intbl \f9\fs22\lang1031 \row \pard\plain 
\s18\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 \f5\fs20 {\b 2.1 Openness\cell }\pard \s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 Open to the public\cell \pard 
\s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 Open to all interested parties, potentially sub\-ject to a partici\-pation fee\cell \pard \s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 
Open to members; membership rules may widely vary\cell \pard\plain \intbl \f9\fs22\lang1031 \row \pard\plain \s18\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 \f5\fs20 {\b 2.2 Composition
\par }\pard \s18\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 {\b \cell }\pard \s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 Inhomogeneous\cell \pard 
\s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 Relatively homogeneous\cell \pard \s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 Homogenous\cell \pard\plain \intbl \f9\fs22\lang1031 \row 
\pard\plain \s18\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 \f5\fs20 {\b 3. Motivation\cell }\pard \s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 \cell \cell \pard 
\s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 \cell \pard\plain \intbl \f9\fs22\lang1031 \row \pard\plain \s18\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 \f5\fs20 {\b 
3.1 Motivation of contributing organizations\cell }\pard \s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 To maintain and de\-velop a con\-sistent, publicly ap\-proved standards work\cell \pard 
\s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 To develop a parti\-cular (set of) specifi\-cation(s) with the widest reason\-able  degree of con\-sensus\cell \pard 
\s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 To develop a particular (set of) specification(s) to serve a market need and to assure interoperability\cell \pard\plain \intbl \f9\fs22\lang1031 \row \pard\plain 
\s18\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 \f5\fs20 {\b 3.2 Motivation of group members\cell }\pard \s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 To contribute to standardization\cell 
To develop a specifi\-cation to serve an identified urgent market need\cell To develop a specifi\-cation to serve an identified urgent market need\cell \pard\plain \intbl \f9\fs22\lang1031 \row \pard\plain 
\s18\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 \f5\fs20 {\b 3. Management\cell }\pard \s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 Little, as resources are not committed.\cell \pard 
\s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 Moderate project management.\cell \pard \s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 Strict project management\cell \pard\plain \intbl 
\f9\fs22\lang1031 \row \trowd \trgaph108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \cellx1893\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \cellx3969\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \cellx6379\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \cellx8931 \pard\plain \s18\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 
\f5\fs20 {\b 4. Intellectual property rights\cell }\pard \s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 General policy:
\par \pard \s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 either standards are free of third rights, or adequate decla\-ration of right holder is available.\cell \pard 
\s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 ?\cell \pard \s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 Rights granted by agree\-
ment among members; rights to third parties subject to individual negotiation.\cell \pard\plain \intbl \f9\fs22\lang1031 \row \trowd \trgaph108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \trbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw45\brdrcf1 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \cellx1893\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 
\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw45\brdrcf1 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \cellx3969\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw45\brdrcf1 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \cellx6379\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw45\brdrcf1 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \cellx8931 \pard\plain \s18\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 \f5\fs20 {\b 5. Application of
\par }\pard \s18\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 {\b product\cell }\pard \s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 Voluntary, no direct relation between par\-ti\-cipation and appli\-cation
\cell \pard \s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 Voluntary, no direct relation between parti\-cipation and application\cell \pard \s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 
Direct relation between need for the specification, participation, and appli\-cation\cell \pard\plain \intbl \f9\fs22\lang1031 \row \trowd \trgaph108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \trbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \cellx1893\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 
\clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \cellx3969\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \cellx6379\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \cellx8931 
\pard\plain \s18\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 \f5\fs20 {\b Speed/efficiency\cell }\pard \s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 low\cell \pard 
\s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 medium\cell \pard \s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 high\cell \pard\plain \intbl \f9\fs22\lang1031 {\b \row }\trowd \trgaph108\trbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \cellx1893\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \cellx3969\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \cellx6379\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf1 \cellx8931 \pard\plain 
\s18\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 \f5\fs20 {\b Degree of consensus\cell }\pard \s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 public\cell \pard 
\s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 participants\cell \pard \s18\li-57\intbl\tx851\tx1701\tx2552\tx3402\tx4253\tx5103\tx5954\tqr\tx9356 members\cell \pard\plain \intbl \f9\fs22\lang1031 {\b \row }\pard 
\par \pard To each of these mechanisms, a different level of recognition and trust is associated. 
\par 
\par The JTC 1 efficiency is basically determined by two factors: 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f9\fs22\lang1031 1.\tab}\pard \fi-283\li991{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent283\pnhang{\pntxta .}}internal: the proper management of the JTC 1 process, taking due account of 2.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f9\fs22\lang1031 2.\tab}\pard \fi-283\li991{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent283\pnhang{\pntxta .}}external: establishing public consensus requires a significant amount of time which cannot be eliminated;
\par \pard 
\par \pard (International) standardization, in general, and JTC 1, in particular, are associated with \lquote public consensus\rquote . But as recent experience shows, users of specifications are becoming increasingly cr
itical as to what level of consensus is really needed for a specification solving a given technical problem. Therefore, JTC 1 in its re-engineering activity has to investigate this situation and to (re-)position itself properly in the consensus building 
\lquote business\rquote .
\par \pard 
\par \pard 1. above is fully under control of JTC 1 and its internal management. Other contributions to the re-engineering process will study this aspect. 
\par \pard 
\par \pard As 2. is related with {\ul the} essential characteristic of (international) standardization vis-\'e0-vis oth
er ways of establishing consensus, there is only little room for JTC 1 to improve its efficiency without sacrificing the basic principle of public consensus. Instead, it is of great importance for the recognition of JTC 1 by the parties concerned that JTC
 1 properly advertises the benefits it offers to these parties.
\par \pard 
\par \pard Therefore, the following chapter attempts to analyse the specific benefits JTC 1 offers to various parties:
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\f9\lang1031\kerning28 2\tab}\pard\plain \s1\sb240\sa60\keepn{\*\pn \pnlvl1\pndec\pnprev1\pnstart1\pnsp144 }\b\f9\lang1031\kerning28 OPPORTUNITIES
\par \pard\plain \f9\fs22\lang1031 
\par \pard JTC 1 has the essential and most encompassing opportunity of becoming the "hub" of the standardization in the field of IT. This is achieveable through the benefits which JTC 1 can offer to the following interested parties:
\par \pard 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f1\fs22\lang1031 \'b7\tab}\pard \fi-283\li283{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\pnf1\pnstart1\pnindent283\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}end users of IT products and services;
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f1\fs22\lang1031 \'b7\tab}end users of IT standards;
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f1\fs22\lang1031 \'b7\tab}users of IT standards;
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f1\fs22\lang1031 \'b7\tab}PAS holders;
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f1\fs22\lang1031 \'b7\tab}intellectual property holders;
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f1\fs22\lang1031 \'b7\tab}IT Regulatory Authorities
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\i\f9\lang1031 2.1\tab}\pard\plain \s2\sb240\sa60\keepn{\*\pn \pnlvl2\pndec\pnprev1\pnstart1\pnsp144 {\pntxtb .}}\i\f9\lang1031 End users of IT products and services
\par \pard\plain \f9\fs22\lang1031 These are the customers of the IT product and services market. They are the ultimate judges of the products and services acceptance and success.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\f9\fs22\lang1031 2.1.1\tab}\pard\plain \s3\sb240\sa60\keepn{\*\pn \pnlvl3\pndec\pnprev1\pnstart1\pnsp144 {\pntxtb .}}\b\f9\fs22\lang1031 Benefits JTC 1 can offer to end users of IT products and services
\par \pard\plain \f9\fs22\lang1031 
Based on the investigations into the requirements of the various users categories, JTC 1 has the potential to assure that the functionalities the customers require are envisaged and taken into account in the standards it produces and the concepts on which
 those functiona\-lities are based are the simplest and yet the most effective. Furthermore, the number of options the standards offer are kept to a minimum while their invocation is effected by a most natur
al method. Again each of the above requisites are consistently relevant to each of the customers categories.
\par \pard 
\par \pard 
JTC 1 offers in its standards technical solutions which have received thorough international scrutiny and recognition. JTC 1 standards represent relativly stable solutions. All together this offers a purchaser/procurer reasonable protection of his investm
ent.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\i\f9\lang1031 2.2\tab}\pard\plain \s2\sb240\sa60\keepn{\*\pn \pnlvl2\pndec\pnprev1\pnstart1\pnsp144 {\pntxtb .}}\i\f9\lang1031 End users of IT standards
\par \pard\plain \f9\fs22\lang1031 These are the people/organizations who implement the standards into the real life products to be introduced into the
 real life market. They are the ultimate judges of the specificatory quality of any standard and also (and most importantly) of the acceptance and succes of standards.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\f9\fs22\lang1031 2.2.1\tab}\pard\plain \s3\sb240\sa60\keepn{\*\pn \pnlvl3\pndec\pnprev1\pnstart1\pnsp144 {\pntxtb .}}\b\f9\fs22\lang1031 Benefits JTC 1 can offer to end users of IT standards
\par \pard\plain \f9\fs22\lang1031 JTC 1 has a consolidated tradition in following strict rules for the assurance of:
\par \pard 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f1\fs22\lang1031 \'b7\tab}\pard \fi-283\li283{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\pnf1\pnstart1\pnindent283\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}unambiguous description of functionalities;
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f1\fs22\lang1031 \'b7\tab}functional consistency among the various parts of a standard;
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f1\fs22\lang1031 \'b7\tab}description of the criteria relevant to the conformance;
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f1\fs22\lang1031 \'b7\tab}self consistency of the texts of its standards;
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f1\fs22\lang1031 \'b7\tab}proper treatment of IPR issues.
\par \pard 
\par \pard 
The end users of standards do normally much appreciate all the above. In fact, it results in qicker understanding of the standard, quicker implementation, minimum waste of time and manpower, and minimum surprise as regards third party intellectual propert
y rights.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\i\f9\lang1031 2.3\tab}\pard\plain \s2\sb240\sa60\keepn{\*\pn \pnlvl2\pndec\pnprev1\pnstart1\pnsp144 {\pntxtb .}}\i\f9\lang1031 Users of IT standards
\par \pard\plain \f9\fs22\lang1031 These are the standardizers who use the base-standards as raw material for building suites of standards, i.e. Functional Standards. They may be insiders of JTC 1 as well as outsiders. On 
the other hands, the base-standards may be JTC 1 standards as well as other's stand\-
ards. The users of standards are the ultimate judges of the suitability of a base standard into a suite. They are also supposed to be the most competent personnel for combining different base-standards.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\f9\fs22\lang1031 2.3.1\tab}\pard\plain \s3\sb240\sa60\keepn{\*\pn \pnlvl3\pndec\pnprev1\pnstart1\pnsp144 {\pntxtb .}}\b\f9\fs22\lang1031 Benefits JTC 1 can offer to users of IT standards
\par \pard\plain \f9\fs22\lang1031 When the users of standards are insiders to JTC 1:
\par If the base standards are all JTC 1 stand\-ards, then JTC 1 will offer the benefits as of 2.2.1 above, as well as the consistency of the suites, by definition. Furthermore, if the base stand\-
ards are a mixture of JTC 1 and non-JTC 1 standards, or they are all non-JTC 1 standards, then JTC 1 will make sure that the resulting suite has the same consistency and accuracy as the all- JTC 1 standards suites.
\par \pard 
\par \pard When the users of standards are outsiders to JTC 1, JTC 1 will offer itself as the one who provides:
\par \pard 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f1\fs22\lang1031 \'b7\tab}\pard \fi-283\li283{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\pnf1\pnstart1\pnindent283\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}all the benefits as of 2.2.1 above;
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f1\fs22\lang1031 \'b7\tab}\pard \fi-283\li283{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\pnf1\pnstart1\pnindent283\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}all the consultancy and cooperation, plus its own endorsement relevant to the consistency of the standards suite.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\i\f9\lang1031 2.4\tab}\pard\plain \s2\sb240\sa60\keepn{\*\pn \pnlvl2\pndec\pnprev1\pnstart1\pnsp144 {\pntxtb .}}\i\f9\lang1031 PAS holders
\par \pard\plain \f9\fs22\lang1031 These are the bodies or groups that develop technical specifications of success or de facto standards. They are the most market-driven specification providers.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\f9\fs22\lang1031 2.4.1\tab}\pard\plain \s3\sb240\sa60\keepn{\*\pn \pnlvl3\pndec\pnprev1\pnstart1\pnsp144 {\pntxtb .}}\b\f9\fs22\lang1031 Benefits JTC 1 can offer to PAS holders
\par \pard\plain \f9\fs22\lang1031 JTC 1 adopted rules and procedures for the tranposition of PASs into international stand\-
ards and for embedding of PASs into such standards. This offers a major achievement: to add to the consistency and completeness of a typical JTC 1 product the sense of the market of the PAS
 holders. An open and trustful cooperation between JTC 1 and PAS holders will ultimately lead to a cross-fertilization exercise between the two parties, where each will contribute the best of its cultural asset to the other.
\par \pard 
\par \pard By JTC 1 making use of a PAS in its own standards portfolio, this PAS receives worldwide recognition which may lead to broader market acceptance of related products.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\i\f9\lang1031 2.5\tab}\pard\plain \s2\sb240\sa60\keepn{\*\pn \pnlvl2\pndec\pnprev1\pnstart1\pnsp144 {\pntxtb .}}\i\f9\lang1031 Intellectual property holders
\par \pard\plain \f9\fs22\lang1031 These are, in general, the entities which hold an assett, legally recognized, deriving from their ingenuity and intellectual work. In the context considered here, two categories of IPR holders have to be distinguished:
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f1\fs22\lang1031 \'b7\tab}\pard \fi-283\li283{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\pnf1\pnstart1\pnindent283\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}Where such assets are the conceptual base of standards;
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f1\fs22\lang1031 \'b7\tab}\pard \fi-283\li283{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\pnf1\pnstart1\pnindent283\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}
where such assets are the content (audio, video, software, etc) exchanged electronically using mechanisms standardized by JTC 1.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\f9\fs22\lang1031 2.5.1\tab}\pard\plain \s3\sb240\sa60\keepn{\*\pn \pnlvl3\pndec\pnprev1\pnstart1\pnsp144 {\pntxtb .}}\b\f9\fs22\lang1031 Benefits JTC 1 can offer to IPR holders
\par \pard\plain \f9\fs22\lang1031 JTC 1, as an ISO/IEC entity, has a long and consolidated tradition and practice in the handling of patents and IPR-related assets. This is the best assurance for the recognition of any holder party's rights.
\par \pard 
\par \pard JTC 1 has the technical capability, potentially in cooperation with others, to provide techni\-cal solutions for the protection of IPR in works exchanged electronically.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\i\f9\lang1031 2.6\tab}\pard\plain \s2\sb240\sa60\keepn{\*\pn \pnlvl2\pndec\pnprev1\pnstart1\pnsp144 {\pntxtb .}}\i\f9\lang1031 IT Regulatory Authorities
\par \pard\plain \f9\fs22\lang1031 These are the rule-setters. They traditionally developed the regulations for the telecom\-
munications services and facilities issues. With the incumbence of the GII their role is becoming more and more encompassing, to include the legal and even moral aspects which have implications in the technical standardisation.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\f9\fs22\lang1031 2.6.1\tab}\pard\plain \s3\sb240\sa60\keepn{\*\pn \pnlvl3\pndec\pnprev1\pnstart1\pnsp144 {\pntxtb .}}\b\f9\fs22\lang1031 Benefits JTC1 can offer to IT Regulatory Authorities
\par \pard\plain \f9\fs22\lang1031 JTC 1 is promoting debates and public events in the GII domain. In addition, it has a major acquaintance with the aspects relevant to the rights of various subjects, as well as the trans\-
border-related issues. Therefore, basing regulation on JTC 1 standards gives assur\-ance to the Regulatory Authorities that such issues have been properly handled, making JTC 1 a most qualified counterpart to Regulators. A
nd finally, using, where applicable, JTC\~1 standards in regulation contributes to the worldwide implementation of the WTO ATBT.
\par \pard 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\f9\lang1031\kerning28 3\tab}\pard\plain \s1\sb240\sa60\keepn{\*\pn \pnlvl1\pndec\pnprev1\pnstart1\pnsp144 }\b\f9\lang1031\kerning28 THREATS
\par \pard\plain \f9\fs22\lang1031 
\par \pard 
It goes without saying that JTC 1 needs to adequately advertise the benefits, the added values and the uniques it can offer to the IT world. This would even be a further exposure if JTC 1, by not concentrating enough effort and intelligence into this majo
r endevour, missed its target.
\par \pard 
\par \pard Among the areas seen as most critical to the success of JTC 1 in becoming the "hub", the following can be mentioned:
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\i\f9\lang1031 3.1\tab}\pard\plain \s2\sb240\sa60\keepn{\*\pn \pnlvl2\pndec\pnprev1\pnstart1\pnsp144 {\pntxtb .}}\i\f9\lang1031 OBJECTIVES
\par \pard\plain \f9\fs22\lang1031 The benefits that JTC 1 can offer to the end users of IT products and standards demand that basic success factors be assigned as primary objectives to each and every SC, as well as to JTC 1 as a whole:
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f1\fs22\lang1031 \'b7\tab}\pard \fi-283\li283{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\pnf1\pnstart1\pnindent283\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}
collection and prioritization of the market (users) requirements, resulting in Business Plans to support Work Programmes and justify NPs;
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f1\fs22\lang1031 \'b7\tab}\pard \fi-283\li283{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\pnf1\pnstart1\pnindent283\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}interoperability between systems;
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f1\fs22\lang1031 \'b7\tab}evaluation of (draft) standards as to whether they meet the initial requirements.
\par \pard All the above can be achieved if users take active part in the strategy setting and in the evaluation of the standards.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\i\f9\lang1031 3.2\tab}\pard\plain \s2\sb240\sa60\keepn{\*\pn \pnlvl2\pndec\pnprev1\pnstart1\pnsp144 {\pntxtb .}}\i\f9\lang1031 PACE
\par \pard\plain \f9\fs22\lang1031 
It is most crucial that JTC 1 holds its level of quality in developing standards while, at the same time, keeping pace with the market and the most market-driven actors and issues. This implies that JTC 1 accelerates its cycle of standards development.

\par 
\par \pard This can only be achieved if JTC 1 developes a thorough policy of cutting each and every "dead wood" and concentrates on carefully selected, key (to the market) standards.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\i\f9\lang1031 3.3\tab}\pard\plain \s2\sb240\sa60\keepn{\*\pn \pnlvl2\pndec\pnprev1\pnstart1\pnsp144 {\pntxtb .}}\i\f9\lang1031 MAINTENANCE
\par \pard\plain \f9\fs22\lang1031 
The benefits mentioned above are all affordable by JTC 1 in terms of know-how, but a careful planning is required to devote adequate resources to the maintenance of the standards it produces/combines. In fact, the standards produced are to be assuredd as 
holding their quality level and their updating for the duration of their life. This, once again, imposes a careful selection of standards on which to work.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\i\f9\lang1031 3.4\tab}\pard\plain \s2\sb240\sa60\keepn{\*\pn \pnlvl2\pndec\pnprev1\pnstart1\pnsp144 {\pntxtb .}}\i\f9\lang1031 FLEXIBILITY
\par \pard\plain \f9\fs22\lang1031 JTC 1 needs to implement a real break-through in terms of flexibility. Very often, also the timeliness becomes a matter of flexibility.
\par \pard 
\par \pard In particular, JTC 1 needs to improve the synchronization of its own procedures with those of the other actors of the IT arena. The most important synchronization exercise
\par \pard 
should be carried out with the ITU-T. In this connection, it is important also to stress the achievement of a full complementarity of tasks. One of the most important examples being the document on the GII which IUT-T proposed to the Sydney JTC 1 Plenary 
in March '96, i.e. JTC 1 N. 4037, "report of first meeting of the joint rapporteur group on Global Infor\-ma\-tion Infrastructures (JRG GII)", from the Chairman of Study Group 13. There are many "holes" in that document that ITU-T left for JTC 1 to fill.

\par {\pntext\pard\plain\i\caps\f9\lang1031 3.5\tab}\pard\plain \s2\sb240\sa60\keepn{\*\pn \pnlvl2\pndec\pnprev1\pnstart1\pnsp144 {\pntxtb .}}\i\f9\lang1031 {\caps programming
\par }\pard\plain \f9\fs22\lang1031 
An analysis of successful IT solutions in the market shows that it is often better to quickly provide 80% solutions rather than provide 100% solutions when the market is already gone. In standardization, OSI and ODA are two negative examples among 
probably many others, where the desire to provide perfect solutions ultimately led to missing the window of oppor\-
tunity. In other words: reducing the width of the programme and focussing on important and most relevant features in standardization is an exercise which needs to be applied in JTC 1 with all rigour. 
\par \pard 
\par \pard Furthermore, the depth of the programme should be determined by the consideration \lquote What is absolutely necessary to assure interoperability and portability?\rquote  rather than \lquote What is tech\-nically feasable and desireable?\rquote 
. A too detailled programme may unnecessarily specify areas where market competition among different technical solutions is not harmful to the users, and, instead, will negatively impact technological progress. 
\par \pard 
\par \pard It is recognized that programming in JTC 1 is determined by its members needs and, hence, a more focussed programming may lead to conflicts with the objective to establish consen\-
sus. The threat, however, is real that by establishing a programme which is too wide and to deep, JTC\~1 will ultimately miss its objectives.
\par \pard 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\f9\lang1031\kerning28 4\tab}\pard\plain \s1\sb240\sa60\keepn{\*\pn \pnlvl1\pndec\pnprev1\pnstart1\pnsp144 }\b\f9\lang1031\kerning28 CONCLUSION
\par \pard\plain \f9\fs22\lang1031 
\par \pard The times where standardization was the only route to establish an internationally recog\-
nized specification are largely gone in the IT domain, and JTC 1 finds itself today often in competition with other organizations which, at a first glance, may serve 
the IT community better. However, at a closer look, in many cases other specifications bring significant draw\-backs to the users. Therefore, the approach for JTC 1 should be:
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f1\fs22\lang1031 \'b7\tab}\pard \fi-283\li283{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\pnf1\pnstart1\pnindent283\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}Cooperate in a fair and open way with other specifications providers: The PAS and Re\-fer\-encing \lquote processes\rquote 
 provide a good starting point from which trust can be build among JTC 1 and other groupings.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f1\fs22\lang1031 \'b7\tab}\pard \fi-283\li283{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\pnf1\pnstart1\pnindent283\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}Ad\-ver\-
tise its benefits to the IT world, but do it in a convincing way which requires that the threats identified above are addressed in a proper and timely fashion.
\par \pard 
\par \pard The opportunities for JTC 1 are exceptionally appealing, even though the requirements for achieving them are real challenges. Threats have to be seen as challenges and JTC 1 has no other choice but accept\-
ing the challenges. But it is encouraging to recognize that it owns all the cultural, historical, personnel and intellec\-tual assets to be successful.
\par \pard 
\par }

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end